Estimated global mean near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice a sea surface temperatures over ice-free ocean regions, with changes usually expressed as deviations from the value specified  reference period . The near-surface air temperature over land and oceans is also used in estimating GMST changes.

Compounds containing either chlorine, bromine or fluorine and carbon. Such compounds can act as potent greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Halogenated hydrocarbons containing chlorine and bromine are also involved in ozone depletion.

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The process of evaporation, vertical and horizontal vapor transport, condensation, precipitation and water flow from the continents to the oceans. It is a major factor in determining climate through its influence on surface vegetation, cloud cover, snow and ice, and soil moisture. The hydrologic cycle is responsible for 25 to 30 percent of the midlatitude heat transport from equatorial to polar regions.

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Compounds containing hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine and carbon atoms. Although the substances deplete the ozone layer, they are less effective at destroying stratospheric ozone than chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). They were introduced as temporary replacements for CFCs and are also greenhouse gases.

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Colorless gas soluble in alcohol and ether, slightly soluble in water. A very strong greenhouse gas used primarily in electrical transmission and distribution systems and as a dielectric in electronics. SF Global Warming Potential ₆ is 22,800. This GWP comes from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4).

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In Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports, equilibrium climate sensitivity refers to the equilibrium change in global mean surface temperature following a doubling of atmospheric (equivalent) CO2 _.concentration. More generally, equilibrium climate sensitivity refers to the equilibrium change in surface air temperature following a unit change in radiative forcing (degrees Celsius, per watt per square meter, (C/Wm-2). One method of evaluating equilibrium climate sensitivity requires very long simulations with the Coupled General Circulation Models (climate model). The effective climate sensitivity is a measure that circumvents this requirement. It is a measure of the strength of the feedbacks at a particular time and may vary with the forcing history and state. climate.

The concept of a state in which human activity results in no net effect on climate system . Achieving such a state would require balancing residual emissions with emissions removals (carbon dioxide), as well as taking into account the regional or local biogeophysical effects of human activity, which for example affect the surface   albedo or local climate . See also Net zero CO emissions ₂ .

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Kyoto Protocol to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty adopted in December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan at the third session of the Conference of the contracting parties (COP3) UNFCCC. In addition to those included in the UNFCCC, it contains legally binding commitments. Countries included in Annex B of the protocol (mostly OECD countries and countries with economies in transition) have agreed to reduce emissions of anthropogenic  greenhouse gases (GHG) ( carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) , methane (CH ₄ ) , nitrous oxide (N ₂ ABOUT ), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur fluoride (SF ₆ )) in the first binding period (2008-2012) by at least 5 % below the level of 1990. The Kyoto Protocol entered into force on February 16, 2005, and in May 2018 it had 192 contracting parties (191 states and the European Union). A second commitment period was agreed in December 2012 at COP18, known as the Doha Addendum to the Kyoto Protocol, in which a new set of parties pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 18 % compared to 1990 levels between 2013 and 2020. However, as of May 2018, the Doha Amendment has not received enough ratifications to enter into force

Justice that connects development and human rights in order to achieve a human-centered approach to the solution climate change , protect the rights of the most vulnerable people and fairly a fairly  Share burdens and benefits of climate change and its impacts. This definition is based on the definition used by the Mary Robinson Foundation - Climate Justice (MRFCJ, 2018).

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It is a highly complex system consisting of five main components: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the earth's surface, and the biosphere, and the interrelationships between them. The last four subsystems represent the active surface. Solar energy that enters the interaction between the atmosphere and the active surface is the driving force behind meteorological and climate changes. The existence of the Earth's climate system can be dated back to the formation of the atmosphere, roughly 4.5 billion years. Subsequently, other components of the system were created, which significantly interact with each other and influence each other. Each of these components represents a complex thermodynamic system in which a large number of physical and chemical processes take place. There is a constant exchange of mass and energy between the individual components of the climate system. The climate system is therefore a very complex non-linear system.

A typical feature of the climate system is that it is constantly changing and developing, and it is also so complex that current science cannot fully accurately describe and predict its further development.

A family of man-made compounds that includes, but is not limited to, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), bromofluorocarbons (halons), methyl chloroform, carbon chloride, methyl bromide, and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). These compounds have been shown to damage stratospheric ozone and are therefore usually referred to as ODS.

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The mechanism defined in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol protocol , through which investors (governments or companies) from developed countries (Annex B) can finance projects to reduce or eliminate emissions greenhouse gases (GHG) in developing countries (without Annex B) and obtain an Emission Reduction Unit (CER) certification. CERs can be attributed to the commitments of the respective developed countries. CDM aims to facilitate two objectives which are support of sustainable development (SD) in developing countries and aid industrialized countries in achieving their emissions obligations in a cost-effective manner.

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The IPCC was established jointly by the United Nations Environment Program and the World Meteorological Organization in 1988. The purpose of the IPCC is to evaluate information in the scientific and technical literature related to all significant components of the climate change issue. The IPCC draws on hundreds of the world's expert scientists as authors and thousands as peer reviewers. Leading experts on climate change and environmental, social and economic sciences from around 60 countries have helped the IPCC prepare regular assessments of the scientific evidence for understanding global climate change and its consequences. Thanks to its ability to report on climate change, its consequences and the feasibility of adaptation and mitigation measures, the IPCC is considered the official advisory body for the entire world. government on the state of science on climate change. For example, the IPCC organized the development of internationally accepted methods for conducting national inventories of greenhouse gas emissions.

A hydrocarbon that is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential most recently estimated to be 25 times that of carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ). Methane is produced by anaerobic (oxygen-free) decomposition of waste in landfills, animal digestion, decomposition of animal waste, production and distribution of natural gas and oil, coal production and incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. GWP is from the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC (AR4). For more information, visit the EPA's page on methane.

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Anthropogenic activities removing WHAT ₂  from atmosphere and its permanent storage in geological, terrestrial or oceanic reservoirs or in products. Includes existing and potential anthropogenic enhancement of biological or geochemical intercepts and direct capture and storage of air, but excludes natural absorption of CO ₂ , which is not directly caused by human activity.

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Gases consisting of one nitrogen molecule and varying numbers of oxygen molecules. Nitrogen oxides are produced in exhaust gas emissions from vehicles and power plants. In the atmosphere, nitrogen oxides can contribute to the formation of photochemical ozone (smog), can impair visibility and have health consequences; therefore, they are considered pollutants.

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Naturally occurring CO gas ₂ it is also a by-product of combustion fossil fuels (such as oil, gas and coal), combustion   biomass , of land use changes (LUC) and industrial processes (e.g. cement production). It's the main one anthropogenic greenhouse gas ( GHG ), which affects the radiation balance of the Earth. It is the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured and therefore has a global warming potential (GWP).

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Ozone, a triatomic form of oxygen (O ₃ ), is a gaseous component of the atmosphere. In the troposphere, it is formed by photochemical reactions of gases that arise both from natural sources and from human activity (photochemical smog). In high concentrations, tropospheric ozone can be harmful to a wide range of living organisms. Tropospheric ozone acts as a greenhouse gas. In the stratosphere, ozone is formed by the interaction between solar ultraviolet radiation and molecular oxygen (O ₂ ). Stratospheric ozone plays a critical role in the stratospheric radiation balance. Depletion of stratospheric ozone due to chemical reactions that may be enhanced by climate change leads to an increased ground-level flux of ultraviolet (UV-) B radiation.

Paris Agreement according to of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in December 2015 in Paris, France at the 21st session of the Conference   of the Contracting Parties (COP)to the UNFCCC. The agreement, accepted by 196 parties to the UNFCCC, entered into force on November 4, 2016, and in May 2018 had 195 signatories and was ratified by 177 parties. One of the goals of the Paris Agreement is to "hold the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and continue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels", recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change. In addition, the agreement aims to strengthen the ability of countries to deal with the effects of climate change. The Paris Agreement is due to enter into full force in 2020. See also United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) , Kyoto Protocol  aNationally Determined Contributions (NDC) .

A group of chemicals composed only of carbon and fluorine. These chemicals (mainly CF ₄ and C ₂ F ₆ ) were introduced as alternatives, along with hydrofluorocarbons, to ozone-depleting substances. In addition, PFCs are emitted as by-products of industrial processes and are also used in manufacturing. PFCs do not damage the stratospheric ozone layer, but they are powerful greenhouse gases: CF ₄ has a global warming potential (GWP) of 7,390 and C ₂ F ₆ has a GWP of 12,200. The GWP is from the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC (AR4). These chemicals are mostly man-made, although there is a small natural source _CF4