Sufficiency as a necessary factor for carbon neutrality and energy security in Europe.

The research article presents a comprehensive model called CLEVER, which deals with the energy transformation of Europe with the aim of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. The model points to the importance of the concept of sufficiency in reducing energy consumption and emphasizes that this strategy is key to achieving a sustainable transformation of the energy system in Europe. CLEVER proposes to reduce final energy consumption by 50 % by 2050 compared to 2019, with at least 40 % of this reduction attributed to measures to promote sufficiency. The article also emphasizes the need cooperation between countries at the level of energy exchange and transmission of hydrogen and electricity, in order to reduce dependence on energy imports from third countries and ensure greater energy security and resilience of the entire system. (More on nature.com)